Arts
Celebrating Juneteenth Q & A with Sybil Roberts Williams
What do you know about Juneteenth? It is a holiday that some African Americans celebrate with barbecues and parades. But Juneteenth, the annual celebration of emancipation from slavery in the United States, also is seen as the beginning of the African American experience as citizens of this country鈥攁nd the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement. 听
President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863, but the news that all African American slaves in the Confederacy had been freed did not reach those held in slavery in then-remote Texas until June 19, 1865. Juneteenth, coming after the fall of Richmond on April 2, after Lee鈥檚 formal surrender at Appomattox on April 9, and after the surrender of the Army Trans-Mississippi out on the frontier on June 2, certainly was a long time coming.听
Lincoln, after all, had issued the proclamation as a political move to preserve the Union rather than to abolish slavery, despite his personal anti-slavery beliefs. The two-and-a-half years between Lincoln issuing the Emancipation Proclamation and the announcement of its issuance arriving in Texas seems excessive, especially by today鈥檚 standards of instant access to news and information. Slavery was not officially outlawed in the US (except as punishment for a crime) until the Thirteenth Amendment was ratified on December 6, 1865.
The first Juneteenth celebration took place on June 19, 1866. A grassroots movement to rally in unity and celebration, Juneteenth spread out as a symbol of freedom even though the battle for equality鈥攖hrough Reconstruction, Jim Crow, and the Civil Rights Movement鈥攚as just beginning.
This year, as protests spread across the country with a wave of change underway, Juneteenth has a new relevance. We spoke to CAS performing arts professor Sybil Roberts Williams, director of African American and African diaspora studies, about the political and cultural significance of Juneteenth. A DC native who recalls growing up in a close-knit Southeast community where watchful neighbors would let her mom know if she was having a popsicle too close to dinnertime, Roberts Williams addressed听the holiday鈥檚 history, and offered some meaningful ways to mark it.
(The following has been abridged, and edited for brevity.)
Did you grow up with Juneteenth traditions?听
I grew up on the heels of Black Power. We celebrated African American Liberation Day, which was Malcolm X鈥檚 birthday鈥攖hat was the bigger celebration. But Juneteenth always had symbolic meaning, because of the history attached to it.
Juneteenth recognizes the end of the practice of slavery in the US. Is it a holiday of joy or solemnity?
It鈥檚 a day of joy and solemnity. There鈥檚 this issue that slavery ended, but it took two years to get the word out. How did that happen? It was just so tragic that freedom was delayed for two whole years鈥攖hat鈥檚 an important thing to talk about.
Are there any significant details of the original Juneteenth events that you feel should be noted?听
As slavery was outlawed, Mississippi and Louisiana slaveholders moved west to Texas, because it was 鈥渂usiness as usual鈥 there. To some extent, Texas was a compromise. The Union Army was a rare sight in Texas, there was no Sherman marching through, so those enslaved African Americans had no idea.
Many of the enslaved Africans鈥擜frican Americans鈥攍eft the plantations on little more than a promise. Freed slaves were simply told, 鈥淵ou have to charge wages from these people who now hate your guts.鈥 We didn鈥檛 dismantle the plantation system; all that did was set up sharecropping and peonage.
Even when it reached Texas, the emancipation order was ignored and defied by many slaveholders. How does this considerable delay resonate with the history of Civil Rights in this country?听
People talk about the Emancipation Proclamation as if it solved the race problem in America. No. It laid it bare.
Ta-Nehisi Coates, in his book, We Were Eight Years in Power, makes a powerful case for reparations. It actually begins with Reconstruction [1863-1877], because we never dealt with reconstruction in the way that we should have; we have not done the work, and Africans were never compensated in the way we said they would be. They were disenfranchised鈥攑olitical blackness terrified this country, terrified white supremacists鈥攁nd subject to poll tax and grandfather clauses. And then the codification of Jim Crow [1877-1968] set the stage for what followed.
Can you recommend resources for people who want to learn more about the history of this American holiday and other events in our history that celebrate the African American experience?
I would say start with Beloved by Toni Morrison. By looking at the African American experience through the lens of Setha, through her eyes, we can quantify slavery as opportunity and history denied, the symbolic haunting of a people. The August Wilson cycle is another good way to learn about history, particularly Joe Turner鈥檚 Come and Gone; it talks about the peonage system, which is what sharecropping actually was, another form of slavery. Big White Fog, [by Theodore Ward] tells what African American life was like in the 20s, 30s, and 40s, so that people can get a sense of the history there鈥攊t鈥檚 fictitious, but still great history. Ralph Ellison; Richard Wright鈥檚 Native Son. I love to play Max Roach鈥檚 Freedom Now Suite, it鈥檚 beautiful, it鈥檚 visionary. Wynton Marsalis鈥檚 Blood on the Fields paints a picture, an entire slave narrative, starting from Africa. We record our history in the arts.听
What is the best way to mark this date, to honor on Juneteenth those lives impacted by slavery?
Any Juneteenth celebration should remember our ancestors and their sacrifices鈥攈ow they lived, what they did, and what that meant. We have to stop and acknowledge them; take the time to teach people about the history of Africans in America, about the Civil War, about the struggle for Civil Rights. There must be enough solemnity to make it matter.
If you just do parades and have barbecues鈥攖hat鈥檚 lovely, but you miss the point that to get to this place of celebration, there had to be a great amount of sacrifice and courage. There had to be significant choices made, by people who said, 鈥淵ou know, I don鈥檛 know what freedom looks like, I don鈥檛 know what鈥檚 even in the next county, because I鈥檝e never been allowed to go there. But I am going to walk there. And I am going to be free.鈥 That鈥檚 a commendable feat.
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